智商（Intelligence Quotient，简称IQ）是一个数值，用于衡量个体相对于同龄人的智力能力。智商测试通常包含各种认知领域的题目，例如语言、数学、推理、空间感知等。被试通过回答问题、完成任务或解决问题来展示他们的认知能力。测试结果与同龄人进行比较，根据标准化评分，得出一个IQ分数。
智商测试（IQ tests）相关的论文文献，供您参考：
1.Wechsler, D. (2008). Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale—Fourth Edition (WAIS–IV). San Antonio, TX: Pearson.
2.Carroll, J. B. (1993). Human cognitive abilities: A survey of factor-analytic studies. Cambridge University Press.
3.Colom, R., & Thompson, P. M. (2011). Assessing intelligence using MRI. In The Cambridge Handbook of Intelligence (pp. 229-250). Cambridge University Press.
4.Neisser, U., Boodoo, G., Bouchard, T. J., Boykin, A. W., Brody, N., Ceci, S. J., ... & Urbina, S. (1996). Intelligence: Knowns and unknowns. American psychologist, 51(2), 77-101.